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| About the Authors | |
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| To the Instructor | |
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| To the Student | |
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| The Foundations of Chemistry | |
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| Matter and Energy | |
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| Chemistry-A Molecular View of Matter | |
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| States of Matter | |
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| Chemical and Physical Properties | |
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| Chemical and Physical Changes | |
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| Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements | |
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| Chemistry in Use: The Resources of the Ocean | |
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| Measurements in Chemistry | |
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| Units of Measurement | |
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| Use of Numbers | |
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| The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis) | |
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| Percentage | |
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| Density and Specific Gravity | |
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| Heat and Temperature | |
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| Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry | |
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| Chemical Formulas | |
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| Ions and Ionic Compounds | |
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| Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds | |
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| Atomic Weights | |
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| The Mole | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Avogadro's Number | |
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| Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles | |
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| Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Names of the Elements | |
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| Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition | |
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| Determination of Molecular Formulas | |
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| Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas | |
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| Purity of Samples | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry | |
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| Chemical Equations | |
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| Calculations Based on Chemical Equations | |
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| The Limiting Reactant (Reagent) Concept | |
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| Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions | |
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| Sequential Reactions | |
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| Concentrations of Solutions | |
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| Dilution of Solutions | |
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| Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Some Types of Chemical Reactions | |
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| The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids | |
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| Chemistry in Use: The Discovery of Phosphorus | |
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| Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction | |
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| Reactions in Aqueous Solutions | |
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| Oxidation Numbers | |
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| Naming Some Inorganic Compounds | |
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| Naming Binary Compounds | |
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| Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts | |
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| Classifying Chemical Reactions | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An Introduction | |
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| Combination Reactions | |
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| Decomposition Reactions | |
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| Displacement Reactions | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Troublesome Displacement Reactions | |
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| Metathesis Reactions | |
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| Gas-Formation Reactions | |
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| Summary of Reaction Types | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| The Structure of Atoms | |
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| Subatomic Particles | |
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| Fundamental Particles | |
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| The Discovery of Electrons | |
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| Canal Rays and Protons | |
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| Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom | |
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| Atomic Number | |
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| Neutrons | |
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| Mass Number and Isotopes | |
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| Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis | |
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| The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights | |
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| The Electronic Structures of Atoms | |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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| The Photoelectric Effect | |
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| Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom | |
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| Enrichment: The Bohr Theory and the Balmer-Rydberg Equation | |
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| The Wave Nature of the Electron | |
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| The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom | |
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| Enrichment: The Schrodinger Equation | |
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| Quantum Numbers | |
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| Atomic Orbitals | |
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| Electron Configurations | |
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| Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism | |
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| The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Periodicity | |
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| More About the Periodic Table | |
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| Chemistry in Use: The Periodic Table | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table | |
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| Periodic Properties of the Elements | |
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| Atomic Radii | |
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| Ionization Energy | |
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| Electron Affinity | |
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| Ionic Radii | |
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| Electronegativity | |
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| Chemical Reactions and Periodicity | |
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| Hydrogen and the Hydrides | |
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| Oxygen and the Oxides | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Bonding | |
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| Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms | |
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| Ionic Bonding | |
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| Formation of Ionic Compounds | |
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| Enrichment: Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding | |
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| Covalent Bonding | |
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| Formation of Covalent Bonds | |
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| Bond Lengths and Bond Energies | |
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| Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions | |
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| Writing Lewis Formulas: The Octet Rule | |
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| Formal Charges | |
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| Writing Lewis Formulas: Limitations of the Octet Rule | |
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| Resonance | |
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| Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | |
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| Dipole Moments | |
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| The Continuous Range of Bonding Types | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories | |
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| A Preview of the Chapter | |
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| Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory | |
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| Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry | |
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| Valence Bond Theory | |
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| Molecular Shapes and Bonding | |
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| Linear Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 2] Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) | |
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| Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 3] Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) | |
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| Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 4] Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) | |
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| Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 3]U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A) | |
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| Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 2]U[subscript 2] Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) | |
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| Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU[subscript 3] Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A) | |
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| Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 5], AB[subscript 4]U, AB[subscript 3]U[subscript 2] and AB[subscript 2]U[subscript 3] | |
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| Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB[subscript 6], AB[subscript 5]U, AB[subscript 4]U[subscript 2] | |
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| Compounds Containing Double Bonds | |
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| Compounds Containing Triple Bonds | |
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| A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Molecular Orbitals in Chemical Bonding | |
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| Molecular Orbitals | |
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| Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams | |
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| Bond Order and Bond Stability | |
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| Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules | |
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| Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules | |
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| Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts | |
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| Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases | |
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| The Arrhenius Theory | |
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| The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion) | |
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| The Br[psi]nsted-Lowry Theory | |
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| The Autoionization of Water | |
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| Amphoterism | |
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| Strengths of Acids | |
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| Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids | |
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| Acidic Salts and Basic Salts | |
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| The Lewis Theory | |
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| The Preparation of Acids | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Reactions in Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations | |
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| Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions | |
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| Calculations Involving Molarity | |
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| Titrations | |
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| Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| Balancing Redox Equations | |
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| Adding H[superscript +], OH[superscript -], or H[subscript 2]O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen | |
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| Calculations for Redox Titrations | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory | |
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| Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases | |
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| Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Chemistry in Use: The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Boyle's Law: The Volume-Pressure Relationship | |
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| Charles's Law: The Volume-Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale | |
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| Standard Temperature and Pressure | |
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| The Combined Gas Law Equation | |
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| Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume | |
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| Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation | |
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| Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances | |
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| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | |
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| Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases | |
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| The Kinetic-Molecular Theory | |
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| Enrichment: Kinetic-Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds | |
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| Diffusion and Effusion of Gases | |
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| Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Liquids and Solids | |
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| Kinetic-Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids | |
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| Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes | |
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| The Liquid State | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Surface Tension | |
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| Capillary Action | |
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| Evaporation | |
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| Vapor Pressure | |
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| Boiling Points and Distillation | |
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| Heat Transfer Involving Liquids | |
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| Enrichment: The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation | |
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| The Solid State | |
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| Melting Point | |
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| Heat Transfer Involving Solids | |
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| Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids | |
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| Phase Diagrams (P versus T) | |
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| Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids | |
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| Enrichment: X-Ray Diffraction | |
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| Structures of Crystals | |
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| Bonding in Solids | |
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| Band Theory of Metals | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Semiconductors | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Solutions | |
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| The Dissolution Process | |
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| Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process | |
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| Dissolution of Solids in Liquids | |
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| Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility) | |
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| Dissolution of Gases in Liquids | |
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| Rates of Dissolution and Saturation | |
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| Effect of Temperature on Solubility | |
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| Effect of Pressure on Solubility | |
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| Molality and Mole Fraction | |
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| Colligative Properties of Solutions | |
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| Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law | |
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| Fractional Distillation | |
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| Boiling Point Elevation | |
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| Freezing Point Depression | |
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| Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression or Boiling Point Elevation | |
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| Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes | |
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| Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Colloids | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Water Purification and Hemodialysis | |
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| The Tyndall Effect | |
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| The Adsorption Phenomenon | |
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| Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat? | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Thermodynamics | |
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| Heat Changes and Thermochemistry | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Some Thermodynamic Terms | |
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| Enthalpy Changes | |
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| Calorimetry | |
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| Thermochemical Equations | |
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| Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes | |
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| Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation, [Delta]H[superscript o subscript f] | |
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| Hess's Law | |
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| Bond Energies | |
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| Changes in Internal Energy, [Delta]E | |
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| Relationship Between [Delta]H and [Delta]E | |
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| Spontaneity of Physical and Chemical Changes | |
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| The Two Aspects of Spontaneity | |
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| Dispersal of Energy and Matter | |
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| Entropy, S, and Entropy Change, [Delta]S | |
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| The Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Free Energy Change, [Delta]G, and Spontaneity | |
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| The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Kinetics | |
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| The Rate of a Reaction | |
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| Factors That Affect Reaction Rates | |
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| Nature of the Reactants | |
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| Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression | |
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| Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation | |
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| Enrichment: Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations | |
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| Enrichment: Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order | |
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| Collision Theory of Reaction Rates | |
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| Transition State Theory | |
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| Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression | |
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| Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation | |
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| Catalysts | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Ozone | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Chemical Equilibrium | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| The Equilibrium Constant | |
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| Variation of K[subscript c] with the Form of the Balanced Equation | |
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| The Reaction Quotient | |
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| Uses of the Equilibrium Constant, K[subscript c] | |
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| Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Predictions | |
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| The Haber Process: A Commercial Application of Equilibrium | |
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| Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Calculations | |
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| Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant | |
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| Relationship Between K[subscript P] and K[subscript c] | |
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| Heterogeneous Equilibria | |
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| Relationship Between [Delta]G[superscript 0 subscript rxn] and the Equilibrium Constant | |
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| Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases | |
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| A Review of Strong Electrolytes | |
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| The Autoionization of Water | |
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| The pH and pOH Scales | |
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| Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases | |
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| Polyprotic Acids | |
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| Solvolysis | |
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| Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids | |
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| Salts of Strong Bases and Weak Acids | |
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| Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids | |
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| Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Taming Acids with Harmless Salts | |
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| Salts That Contain Small, Highly Charged Cations | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves | |
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| The Common Ion Effect and Buffer Solutions | |
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| Buffering Action | |
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| Preparation of Buffer Solutions | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Fun with Carbonates | |
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| Acid-Base Indicators | |
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| Titration Curves | |
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| Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves | |
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| Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves | |
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| Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves | |
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| Summary of Acid-Base Calculations | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle | |
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| Solubility Product Constants | |
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| Determination of Solubility Product Constants | |
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| Uses of Solubility Product Constants | |
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| Fractional Precipitation | |
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| Simultaneous Equilibria Involving Slightly Soluble Compounds | |
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| Dissolving Precipitates | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Electrochemistry | |
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| Electrical Conduction | |
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| Electrodes | |
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| Electrolytic Cells | |
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| The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (The Downs Cell) | |
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| The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride | |
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| The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate | |
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| Counting Electrons: Coulometry and Faraday's Law of Electrolysis | |
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| Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells | |
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| Voltaic or Galvanic Cells | |
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| The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells | |
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| The Zinc-Copper Cell | |
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| Chemistry in Use: A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons | |
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| The Copper-Silver Cell | |
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| Standard Electrode Potentials | |
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| The Standard Hydrogen Electrode | |
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| The Zinc-SHE Cell | |
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| The Copper-SHE Cell | |
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| Standard Electrode Potentials | |
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| Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials | |
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| Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions | |
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| Corrosion | |
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| Corrosion Protection | |
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| Effect of Concentrations (or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials | |
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| The Nernst Equation | |
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| Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations | |
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| Enrichment: Concentration Cells | |
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| The Relationship of E[superscript 0 subscript cell] to [delta]G[superscript 0] and K | |
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| Primary Voltaic Cells | |
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| Dry Cells | |
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| Secondary Voltaic Cells | |
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| The Lead Storage Battery | |
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| The Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Cell | |
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| The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Metals I: Metallurgy | |
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| Metals | |
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| Occurrence of the Metals | |
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| Metallurgy | |
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| Pretreatment of Ores | |
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| Reduction to the Free Metals | |
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| Refining of Metals | |
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| Metallurgies of Specific Metals | |
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| Magnesium | |
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| Aluminum | |
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| Iron | |
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| Copper | |
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| Gold | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Metals II: Properties and Reactions | |
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| The Alkali Metals (Group 1A) | |
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| Group 1A Metals: Properties and Occurrence | |
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| Reactions of the Group 1A Metals | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Trace Elements and Life | |
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| Uses of Group 1A Metals and Their Compounds | |
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| The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2A) | |
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| Group 2A Metals: Properties and Occurrence | |
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| Reactions of the Group 2A Metals | |
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| Uses of Group 2A Metals and Their Compounds | |
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| The Post-Transition Metals | |
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| Group 3A: Periodic Trends | |
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| Chemistry in Use: The Most Valuable Metal in the World | |
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| The d-Transition Metals | |
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| General Properties | |
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| Oxidation States | |
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| Chromium Oxides, Oxyanions, and Hydroxides | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Some Nonmetals and Metalloids | |
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| The Noble Gases (Group 8A) | |
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| Occurrence, Uses, and Properties | |
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| Xenon Compounds | |
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| The Halogens (Group 7A) | |
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| Properties | |
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| Occurrence, Production, and Uses | |
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| Reactions of the Free Halogens | |
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| The Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids | |
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| The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens | |
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| Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium | |
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| Occurrence, Properties, and Uses | |
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| Reactions of Group 6A Elements | |
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| Hydrides of Group 6A Elements | |
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| Group 6A Oxides | |
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| Oxoacids of Sulfur | |
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| Nitrogen and Phosphorus | |
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| Occurrence of Nitrogen | |
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| Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen | |
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| Nitrogen Oxides | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog | |
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| Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Silicon | |
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| Silicon and the Silicates | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Coordination Compounds | |
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| Coordination Compounds | |
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| Ammine Complexes | |
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| Important Terms | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Structures | |
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| Isomerism in Coordination Compounds | |
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| Structural (Constitutional) Isomers | |
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| Stereoisomers | |
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| Bonding in Coordination Compounds | |
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| Crystal Field Theory | |
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| Color and the Spectrochemical Series | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Nuclear Chemistry | |
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| The Nucleus | |
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| Neutron-Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability | |
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| Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy | |
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| Radioactive Decay | |
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| Equations for Nuclear Reactions | |
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| Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability) | |
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| Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability) | |
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| Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83 | |
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| Detection of Radiation | |
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| Rates of Decay and Half-Life | |
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| Decay Series | |
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| Uses of Radionuclides | |
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| Artificial Transmutations of Elements | |
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| Nuclear Fission | |
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| Nuclear Fission Reactors | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Managing Nuclear Wastes | |
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| Nuclear Fusion | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties | |
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| Saturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Alkanes and Cycloalkanes | |
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| Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Unsaturated Hydrocarbons | |
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| Alkenes | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Petroleum | |
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| Alkynes | |
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| Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Benzene | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Nanotechnology | |
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| Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons | |
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| Hydrocarbons: A Summary | |
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| Functional Groups | |
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| Organic Halides | |
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| Alcohols and Phenols | |
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| Ethers | |
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| Aldehydes and Ketones | |
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| Amines | |
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| Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Chemistry in Use: The Chemistry of Artists' Pigments | |
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| Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Butter, Margarine, and trans Fats | |
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| Summary of Functional Groups | |
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| Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions | |
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| Substitution Reactions | |
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| Addition Reactions | |
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| Elimination Reactions | |
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| Polymerization Reactions | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers | |
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| Shapes of Organic Molecules | |
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| Constitutional Isomers | |
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| Stereoisomers | |
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| Chemistry in Use: Developing More Environmentally Friendly Solvents | |
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| Conformations | |
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| Selected Reactions | |
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| Reactions of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Reactions | |
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| |
| Chemistry in Use: Chemical Communication | |
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| |
| Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives | |
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| |
| Hydrolysis of Esters | |
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| |
| Biopolymers | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| |
| Polypeptides and Proteins | |
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| |
| Chemistry in Use: The Cells' Drinking Straws | |
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| |
| Nucleic Acids | |
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| |
| Key Terms | |
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| Exercises | |
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| |
| |
| Some Mathematical Operations | |
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| |
| |
| Electronic Configurations of the Atoms of the Elements | |
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| |
| |
| Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors | |
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| |
| |
| Physical Constants | |
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| |
| Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances | |
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| |
| Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25[degree]C | |
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| Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25[degree]C | |
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| |
| Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25[degree]C | |
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| |
| Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions | |
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| |
| Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25[degree]C | |
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| |
| Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15 K | |
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| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises | |
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| |
| Index of Equations | |
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| |
| Glossary/Index | |